SOURCES OF PARASITIC SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS/WORMS

by Rishen Afakpo J. J.

Soil-transmitted helminths infections are among the most common infections worldwide and affect the poorest and most deprived communities. And they are also considered as Negleted Tropical Diseases, NTDs. This include; Roundworms (Ascaris lumbricoides), Whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), Hookworm (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale) and Strongyloides stercoralis. They are transmitted by eggs that are passed in the faeces of infected people. Adult worm live in the intestine where the produce thousands of eggs each day. In areas that lack adequate sanitation, these eggs contaminate the soil. This can happen in several ways;

1.     If infected person defecate outside (near bushes, in a garden or field) or if faeces of an infected person are used as fertilizer, eggs are deposited on soil.

2.     Eggs that are attached to vegetables or fruits are ingested when the vegetables or fruits are not carefully cooked or peeled.

3.     Eggs are ingested from contaminated water sources. This can happen through surface run-off rain water that washed the eggs in the soil and deposited in the water sources eg open well-water, lakes, sea, rivers, streams, ponds etc

4.     Eggs are ingested by children who plays in the contaminated soil and then put their hands in their mouth without washing them.

5.     And through long fingernails that are not properly taking care of.

                          Ascaris lumbricoides removed from African child intestine

No direct person-to-person infection transmission or infection from fresh faeces, because eggs passed in faeces need almost three(3) weeks to mature in the soil before they become infective.

Hookworms and Strongyloides stercoralis eggs hatch in the soil releasing larvae that mature into a form that can easily penetrates the skin. People become infected with hookworms and Strongyloides stercoralis primarily by walking barefoot on the contaminated soil or beaches.

Whipworm (Trichuris trichiura)

More than 1.5 billion people or 24% of the world population are infected with soil-transmitted helminths infections worldwide. Infections are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas, with the greatest number occurring in sub-saharan Africas, the Americas, China and Asia. Over 270 million pre-school age children and over 600 million school age children lives in areas where these parasites are intensively transmitted and are in need of treatment and preventive intervention. WHO, 2017.

According to Centre for Disease Control and prevention, CDC report 2017; approximately 807-1,121 million people are infected with Ascariasis, approximately 604-795 million of people are infected with Trichuriasis, approximately 576-740 million of people are infected with Hookworms and Strongyloidiasis worldwide.

Hookworms

                                          NUTRITIONAL EFFECTS

Soil-transmitted helminths impair the nutritional status of the people the infect in multiple ways;

1.     The worms feed on host tissues, including blood, which leads to a loss of iron and protein, which eventually causes Anaemia.

2.     The worms increases malabsorption of micronutrients needed by the body. In addition, Roundworms may possibly compete for vitamin A in the intestine of its host.

3.     Some soil-transmitted helminths also cause loss of appetite and therefore, a reduction of nutritional intakes and physical fitness. In particular, T. trichiura can cause diarrhea and dysentery.

4.     Their infection can also lead to complications including ileus, that require surgical intervention.

                                 Strongyloides stercoralis

CONTROL AND PREVENTION

a.     Avoiding any and all contact with earth contaminated with human waste, especially faeces.

b.     Thoroughly washing hands with soap before handling food, especially when you come in contact with contaminated soil.

c.      Communicating to children the importance of washing hands as a means to prevent infection.

d.     Health and hygiene education in our primary and secondary schools.

e.     Washing, peeling and/or cooking all vegetables and fruits before consumption, especially in a case where they vegetables or fruits was grown in soil fertilized with manure.

f.       No defecating outdoors; using toilets connected to effective sewage disposal systems.

g.     Where possible,it is recommended that people in at-risk communities refrain from walking barefoot in areas where hookworms and Strongyloidiasis is prevalent and by all means avoid ingestion and playing in a dirt beaches soil.

h.     Provision of adequate sanitation is also important, but not always possible in resource-poor settings.

i.        Water supply sources should be well-protected from surface run-off water during rainfall.

j.       Cutting down-low your fingernails if you cant take good care of it.

k.     Periodic deworming with effective medicine; consult your doctor for advice on effective Anthelminthiasis medicines.

Causes of High Blood Pressure/Hypertension

By Rishen Afakpo J. J.

What Causes High Blood Pressure/Hypertension

Blood pressure is the measure of the forces of blood pushing against blood vessels wall. The heart pumps blood into the arteries (blood vessels), which carry the blood throughout the body. High blood pressure also known as “Hypertension” is dangerous because it makes the heart work harder to pump blood out to the body and contributes to hardening of the arteries, or Arteriosclerosis, to stroke, kidney disease, and to the development of heart failure.

What is normal blood pressure?

A blood pressure reading has a top number(systolic) and bottom number(diastolic). The range are;

Ø Normal; less than 120/80 mmhg

Ø Prehypertension; 120 - 139/80 – 89 mmhg

Ø Stage 1 high BP; 140 -159/90 – 99 mmhg

Ø Stage 2 high BP; 160>/100>

Ø High blood pressure in people over age 60 years 150>/90> mmhg.

A consultant cardiologist and the chief Medical Director of Lagos Executive Cardiovascular clinic, Dr. Folasade Olaitan Alli has on 29^th June 2017 raised the alarm over increased death rate among Nigeria youths due to heart-related problems. She said while many Nigerians do not check there blood pressure to know there numbers, the attitude was more common among youths, leading to increased number of the age group being hypertensive.

People whose blood pressure is above the normal range should consult their doctors about steps to take to lower it.

What causes High Blood Pressure/Hypertension

This include the following; Smoking, being overweighted or obese, lack of physical activities, too much salt in your diet, too much alcohol consumption(more than 1 to 2 drinks per day), stress, older age, genetics family history of the high blood pressure, chronic kidney disease, adrenal and thyroid disorders, sleep apnea, diabetes, insufficient intake of Potassium, calcium and magnessium.

Essential Hypertension

In this type of hypertension, the underlying causes cannot be determined. These remain mysterious, it has been linked to certain risk factors. It tend to run in families and is more likely to affect men than women, age and race also play a role here. Its also influence by diet and lifestyle; people who consume more salt per capita than anyone else in the world have high incidence of essential hypertension e.g Northern Island of Japan, as contrasted with people who consume less or added no salt in there diets.

Secondary Hypertension

When the direct causes for hypertension can be identified, the condition is describe as “Secondary Hypertension”. This can be triggered by tumors or other abnormalities that causes the adrenal glands(small glands that sit atop of kidneys) to secrete excess amounts of the hormones that elevates blood pressure. Birth control pills specifically those containing estrogen and pregnancy can boost blood pressure, as can medications that constrict blood vessels(vasoconstriction medicaments). Among the known causes of secondary hypertension, kidney disease rank the highest.

Symptoms of High Blood Pressure/Hypertension

One of the most dangerous aspects of hypertension is that you may not know that you have it. In fact, nearly one-third of people who have high blood pressure don’t know it. The only way to know if your blood pressure is high is through regular checkups. And this is important if you have a close relative who has high blood pressure.

If your blood pressure is extremely high, there may be certain symptoms to look out for, includes; Severe headache, fatigue or confusion, vision problem, chest pains, difficulties in breathing, irregular heartbeats(pulse rate is high), blood in urine, pounding in your chest, neck or ears. If you have any of this symptoms, see your doctor immediately.

Complication of High Blood Pressure/Hypertension

Hypertension if left untreated results to several health problems which includes;

·        Arterosclerosis contribute to coronary artery diseases

·        People with untreated hypertension are four to six times likely to develop stroke; which occurs when blood flow on area in the brain is cut off.

·        May cause heart diseases.

·        May cause heart disease, kidney disease and kidney failure.

·        Can affect your eyesight, causing damage to the blood vessels in the retina known as “Hypertensive Retinopathy.

·        It worsening development of diabetes complication

·        It can be a sign of Preeclampsia, a pregnancy-related problem that can be fatal.

·        It can lead to erectile dysfunction. But some drugs for treating high blood pressure can actually be the cause as well.

Fresh Fruit Associated With Lower Risk Of Heart Attack And Stroke

Study of 500,000 Chinese adults confirms benefits of eating fruit;

People who eat fresh fruit on most days are at lower risk of heart attack and stroke than people who rarely eat fresh fruit, according to new research published in the New England Journal of Medicine. The findings come from a 7-year study of half a million adults in China, where fresh fruit consumption is much lower than in countries like the UK or US.

Researchers from the University of Oxford and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences conducted a large, nationwide study of 500,000 adults from 10 urban and rural localities across China, tracking health for 7 years through death records and electronic hospital records of illness. The present study was among people who did not have a history of cardiovascular diseases or anti-hypertensive treatments when first joined the study.

Fruit is a rich source of potassium, dietary fiber, antioxidants, and various other potentially active compounds, and contains little sodium or fat and relatively few calories. The study found that fruit consumption (which was mainly apples or oranges) was strongly associated with many other factors, such as education, lower blood pressure, lower blood glucose, and not smoking. But, after allowing for what was known of these and other factors, a 100g portion of fruit per day was associated with about one-third less cardiovascular mortality and the association was similar across different study areas and in both men and women.

Study author Dr Huaidong Du, University of Oxford, UK, said "The association between fruit consumption and cardiovascular risk seems to be stronger in China, where many still eat little fruit, than in high-income countries where daily consumption of fruit is more common." Also, fruit in China is almost exclusively consumed raw, whereas much of the fruit in high-income countries is processed, and many previous studies combined fresh and processed fruit.

Co-author Professor Liming Li, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, said "A recent Global Burden of Disease report put low fruit consumption as one of the leading causes of premature death in China. However, this was based on little evidence from China itself."

The senior author, Professor Zhengming Chen, University of Oxford, UK, said "It's difficult to know whether the lower risk in people who eat more fresh fruit is because of a real protective effect. If it is, then widespread consumption of fresh fruit in China could prevent about half a million cardiovascular deaths a year, including 200,000 before age 70, and even larger numbers of non-fatal strokes and heart attacks."

Difference Between HIV and AIDS

After know clean definition and explanation of HIV and AIDS, as well as the relationship between these two here, it’s also important to know how they are different because some of you might still be confused about it.

 

What’s the Difference Between HIV and AIDS?

 Generally speaking, HIV is a virus while AIDS is a sexual disease caused by this virus, although it does not mean that anyone who has HIV in body will develop AIDS. Here is a summary of the differences between HIV and AIDS:



 How to Know If You Are HIV-Positive? 

The only way to determine for sure whether you are infected with HIV or not is to take a test. HIV tests are widely available and you can get one from your doctor, community or veterans’ health center, Title X family planning clinic, or other healthcare provider. If you prefer, you can use an approved home test kit.

How to Know If You Have AIDS–Symptoms of AIDS

 The list of difference between HIV and AIDS is not complete without knowing the symptoms in different stages.

 Stage One occurs 2-6 weeks after HIV exposure. Symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, muscle aches, sore throat, fever, and red non-itchy rash, last 1-2 weeks, and are due to the immune system’s initial defense against HIV.

 Stage Two begins after the first symptoms have disappeared and the immune system stops fighting the infection. This phase can last over a decade and not produce any symptoms. However, the HIV is gradually destroying CD4+ T-cells, increasing the risk of other infections.

 Stage Three or AIDS is diagnosed if there are under 200 CD4+ cells/mm3 of blood, or if the patient has an “AIDS-defining illness”, e.g. Pneumocystis pneumonia or Kaposi’s sarcoma. Other AIDS symptoms include night sweats, long-term fever, breathlessness, chronic diarrhea, lymph node swelling, weight loss, purple skin patches, bleeding, bruising, and yeast infections.

How Is HIV/ AIDS Transmitted? 

Another difference between hiv and aids is their transmission mode. It’s not the AIDS that is transmitted, rather the HIV infection, which can then progress to AIDS. You can catch HIV infection from any other person who has the infection, even if they haven’t tested positive for the virus yet and appear healthy. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids, including the blood, semen, vaginal fluid, and breast milk, all of which contain enough virus particles to allow another person to become infected. 

The most common ways of acquiring HIV are through:

•  Sexual intercourse (either vaginal or anal) with an HIV-positive person
•  Needle-sharing (for intravenous drugs) with infected individuals
•  Transmission from mother to baby in pregnancy or labor, or when breastfeeding 

A few years ago, blood transfusion was a common way of contracting HIV infection, but nowadays, donated blood is very thoroughly screened for infections, so the HIV risk from transfusion is minuscule. No cases of HIV transmission through saliva or tears have been documented. However, you may become infected through oral sex or, very rarely, by deep kissing, particularly if your gums are bleeding or you have open mouth sores.

Recomended Hours Of Sleep According To The National Sleep Foundation

As you probably already know, rest and sleep are crucial for the overall health and development and in order to maintain the energy and mental clarity throughout the whole day, you need to know how much sleep you need, that is, how many hours per day you should sleep.

For that purpose, Charles Czeisler, a Harvard professor, together with other experts, conducted a research to determine the amount of sleep a person needs according to their age. There were several studies done between the period of 2004 and 2014. The end results helped create the following list:

Newborn babies from 0 to 3 months need 14 to 17 hours

Babies from 4 to 11 months need 12 to 15 hours

Children from 1 to 2 years need 11 to 14 hours

Preschoolers from 3 to 5 years need 10 to 13 hours

Primary and secondary school children from 6 to 13 years need 9 to 11 hours

Teens from 14 to 17 years need 8 to 10 hours

Youth from 18 to 25 years need 7 t o 9 hours

Adults from 26 to 64 years need 7 to 9 hours

Seniors over the age of 65 need 7 to 8 hours

It’s important to note that these hourly rates are approximate and that the amount of needed rest depends on the person in question. However, if the sleeping hours are too low, this could cause serious health problems. Namely, when a person is deprived of sleep and rest, they won’t only be physically tired, but they will also have a problem focusing, making decisions, thinking clearly, and their appetite will lower.

Unfortunately, when a person sleeps less than 5 hours per night they’re at a higher risk of cardiovascular problems, whereas less than 7 hours can lead to weight gain, obesity, and diabetes. The contributing factors to lack of sleep can be stress and technology.

That is, stress is known to release too much cortisol, known as the stress hormone, and when its levels are too high, it causes sleeplessness. Additionally, when we use gadgets like tablets and smartphones prior to sleep, the light which they emit prevents the brain from releasing enough melatonin which controls the sleep and wake cycles.

HOW MUCH SLEEP DO WE REALLY NEED?

Sleep is a vital indicator of overall health and well-being. We spend up to one-third of our lives asleep, and the overall state of our “sleep health” remains an essential question throughout our lifespan.

Most of us know that getting a good night’s sleep is important, but too few of us actually make those eight or so hours between the sheets a priority. For many of us with sleep debt, we’ve forgotten what “being really, truly rested” feels like.

To further complicate matters, stimulants like coffee and energy drinks, alarm clocks, and external lights—including those from electronic devices—interferes with our “circadian rhythm” or natural sleep/wake cycle.

Sleep needs vary across ages and are especially impacted by lifestyle and health. To determine how much sleep you need, it’s important to assess not only where you fall on the “sleep needs spectrum,” but also to examine what lifestyle factors are affecting the quality and quantity of your sleep such as work schedules and stress.

Improve Your Sleep Today: Make Sleep a Priority

To begin a new path towards healthier sleep and a healthier lifestyle, begin by assessing your own individual needs and habits. See how you respond to different amounts of sleep.

Pay careful attention to your mood, energy and health after a poor night’s sleep versus a good one. Ask yourself, “How often do I get a good night’s sleep?” Like good diet and exercise, sleep is a critical component to overall health.

To pave the way for better sleep, follow these simple yet effective healthy sleep tips, including:

• Stick to asleep schedule, even on weekends.
• Practice a relaxing bedtime ritual.
• Exercise
• Evaluate your bedroom to ensure ideal temperature, sound and light.
• Sleep on a comfortable mattress and pillows.
• Beware of hidden sleep stealers, like alcohol and caffeine.
• Turn off electronics before bed.

If you or a family member are experiencing symptoms such as sleepiness during the day or when you expect to be awake and alert, snoring, leg cramps or tingling, gasping or difficulty breathing during sleep, prolonged insomnia or another symptom that is preventing you from sleeping well, you should consult your primary care physician or  find a sleep professional to determine the underlying cause.

You may also try using the National Sleep Foundation Sleep Diary to track your sleep habits over a one- or two-week period and bring the results to your physician.

Most importantly, make sleep a priority. You must schedule sleep like any other daily activity, so put it on your “to-do list” and cross it off every night. But don’t make it the thing you do only after everything else is done – stop doing other things so you get the sleep you need.

Source>>http://www.medicalonline1.com/2017/03/26/recommended-hours-of-sleep-according-to-the-national-sleep-foundation/

How to Train Your Brain to Stop Worrying

If you hear someone saying that worrying is one of the main reason for many illnesses, then you have to believe them. Not only does worrying affect the mental state, but it can also trigger physical illnesses.We know that it is impossible not to worry at all, as a matter of fact, a little worry can be even helpful as it helps you prepare for the upcoming situation. But, when it comes to excessive worrying, it will make you feel stressed, tired, extremely prone to depression, and even physically ill.

Worrying causes your heart rate to increase, promotes sweating, and causes breathing troubles. You can also appear pale, since the blood withdraws from the skin and moves towards the muscles in order to prepare them for the ‘fight or flight’ situation.When our body is prepared to respond to a threat, you can feel weak legs, trembling, headaches, and back pain. The tension that causes these symptoms can also affect the digestive system, causing diarrhea or constipation.

Source>>http://www.medicalonline1.com/2017/03/17/how-to-train-your-brain-to-stop-worrying/

NIGERIA JOURNALS OF PARASITOLOGY VOL. 38 No 1 (2017)

Dear Reader,

Nigerian Journal of Parasitology has just published its latest issue at
https://www.ajol.info/index.php/njpar. We invite you to view the Table of
Contents below and then visit our web site to access articles and items of
interest.

Thanks for your continuing interest in this journal's research,
AJOL
info@ajol.info

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by editing the 'My Journal Updates' link on your profile by logging in at
http://www.ajol.info

Nigerian Journal of Parasitology
Vol 38, No 1 (2017)
Table of Contents
https://www.ajol.info/index.php/njpar/issue/view/15596

Articles
--------
Exploring the potential use of whole plant therapies, Cymbopogon citratus
, as alternatives/complements to antimalarial pharmaceuticals: A preliminary
report (1-6)
U.M. Chukwuocha, F. Orlando-Buendia, O. Fernandez-Rivera, J.
Aguilar-Castro, I.N.S. Dozie

Evidence of inconsistency among laboratory technicians collecting dry
blood spots for molecular analysis of Plasmodium falciparum dhfr gene (7-13)
T.F. Ikpa, K.I. Auta, G.I. Ikpa

Comparing reliability of skin microfilarial load with first internal
transcribed spacer primers DNA amplification in monitoring onchocerciasis
treatment control (14-21)
H.O. Osue, H.I. Inaboh, S.E. Yakubu, P.A. Audu

Activity of cyclosporine ® against Schistosoma mansoni cercariae
(22-26)
M.T. Damashi, D.A. Dakul, B.S. Audu, B.M. Nwibari

Ecology and distribution of gastropod snails of medical and veterinary
importance in Municipal Area Council, FCT, Abuja (27-31)
Y.D. Malann, D.A. Udie, E.B. Lumi

Prevalence, distribution and risk factors associated with taeniid cestode
infections of trade dogs, in Dawaki, Plateau State, Nigeria (32-38)
N.S Karshima, S.I Bata, A.A Bobbo, D. Shagari

Ectoparasites of chickens in Wukari Local Government Area of Taraba State,
north-east Nigeria (39-42)
K.B. Shitta, N.N. James-Rugu, G. Chessed, J.S. Ngwamah

Prevalence of helminth parasites of domestic pigeons ( Columba livia ) in
Jalingo Metropolis, Taraba State (43-47)
G.A. Umaru, O.A. Bello, Y.U. Abubakar, Y.A. Umar, N.B. Adamu, S.G.
Adamu

Prevalence of falciparum malaria amongst pregnant women in Aba South
Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria (48-52)
B.U Ejike, C.C. Ohaeri, E.C. Amaechi, E.N. Ejike, F.U. Okike-Osisiogu,
O. P. Irole-Eze, A.C. Belonwu

Malaria parasitemia amongst pregnant women attending selected government
and private healthcare facilities in Rivers State, Nigeria (53-56)
M.N. Wogu, F.O. Nduka

Communal prevalence of malaria parasite and evaluation of Long Lasting
Insecticidal Treated Nets (LLINs) for malaria control in Ikenne, Ogun State,
Nigeria (57-64)
N.S. Odoemene, A.A. Adeniran, A.S. Oluwole, H.O. Mogaji, E.M. Abe,
S.O. Sam-Wobo, O. A. Agboola, U.F. Ekpo

The prevalence of malaria in patients from some selected Local Government
Areas of Kaduna State, north-west, Nigeria (65-68)
O.N. Osagiede, D.B. Maikaje, Y.A. Umar

Intestinal helminth infections among the nomadic Fulanis in two localities
of Adamawa State, north-east Nigeria (69-73)
K.B. Shitta, O.B. Akogun

Parasitic and microbial profile of cockroaches caught in University of
Abuja hostels, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria (74-78)
A.A. Madara, I.J. Kalu, K.I. Auta

Prevalence of cryptosporidiasis and isosporiasis among HIV-positive
patients attending some hospitals in Bauchi Metropolis (79-84)
M.Y. Iliyasu, M.N. Wana, Z.T. Garba

Use of insecticide treated net (ITNS) among households and its impact on
malaria prevalence in the communities in Ezza North Local Government Area of
Ebonyi State, Nigeria (85-90)
D.E. Nwele, O.C. Nwaorgu

Point prevalence and pathology associated with gastrointestinal parasites
in local chickens and guinea fowls in Kumasi, Ghana (91-97)
L.K. Tay, B.O. Emikpe, S. Ockling, R.D. Folitse, T.A. Jarikre

Distribution and infectivity of anopheles mosquitoes and asymptomatic
malaria infection in a home-setting of Gboko, Nigeria (98-103)
G.I. Ikpa, H.B. Mafuyai, T.F. Ikpa

Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum among pregnant women in
south-west Nigeria (104-110)
M.A. Oboh, E.T. Idowu, M.K. Oyebola, Y.A. Olukosi, O.A Otubanjo, M.A
Mafe

Larvicidal activity of six Nigerian plant species against Anopheles
gambiae and Aedes aegypti (111-116)
H.I. Okoh, W. A. Makanjuola, O.A. Otubanjo, S. Awolola

Comparative study on Trichomonas vaginalis among hostel-based students of
College of Education, Hong, Adamawa State, Nigeria (117-120)
M.B. Yaro, M.A. Qadeer

An entomological survey and determination of vectoral infection rates for
lymphatic filariasis in Ogoniland, Niger Delta, Nigeria (121-124)
E.C. Amadi, N.C. Eze

Prevalence and significance of ectoparasites other than lice attacking
chickens in Sokoto, north-west Nigeria (125-127)
J.P. Fabiyi, M.O. Alayande, M.D. Lawal, A Mahmuda, M Usman

Anuran parasites from three biotopes in Rivers State, Nigeria (128-135)
M.S.O. Aisien, A.B. Omereji, A.P. Ugbomeh

Source>>https://web.facebook.com/ppsn.org.ng/posts/2005059406394360

This is How To Eat Right For Your Blood Type

Nowadays, many people struggle to lose excess weight and try all kinds of various diet regimes. However, diet plans give different effects in different people, so it can be difficult to find the proper way to lose weight in a healthy and quick way.

Blood type is an important factor which significantly affects the personality and health of the individual. Due to this, Dr. Peter J. D’Adamo invented the Blood Type Diet guide, based on the personality and the blood type of the person.

He explains: “When we discuss diet, we are not talking necessarily about a weight loss plan, that’s a side benefit to following this plan. We are actually discussing diet in the more traditional sense, meaning a way to eat.”

This is what is suggested by his concept depending on your blood type:

Type A

People belonging to this group “favor a structured, rhythmic, harmonious life surrounded by a positive, supportive community.” He states that they should follow a vegetarian diet, and they will experience extreme weight loss if they replace meat with vegetables.

Also, he claims that they should consume pure, organic, and fresh diets. “I can’t emphasize enough how critical this dietary adjustment can be to the sensitive immune system of Type A. With this diet you can supercharge your immune system and potentially short circuit the development of life-threatening diseases.”

Type B

Dr. D’Adamo believes that people with B blood types “carry the genetic potential for great malleability and the ability to thrive in changeable conditions, ” and are more susceptible to imbalance, since as a result of stress, their body releases more cortisol.

This guide suggests that the members of this group gain weight due to the intake of foods which affect metabolisms, such as corn, sesame seeds, lentils, chicken, peanuts, wheat, tomatoes, and buckwheat.

He advises that these people switch to goat, lamb, mutton, rabbit, or venison, and increase the intake of low- fat dairy and green vegetables.

Type AB

Dr. D’Adamo believes that people with type AB have low stomach acid, but are fond of eating meat. Therefore, their stomach fails to metabolize meat and it is stored as fat. If the people eat small, frequent meals, they will solve these digestive problems.

Also, they are advised to avoid caffeine, alcohol, and focus on seafood, dairy, tofu, and green vegetables. He adds:“Avoid all smoked or cured meats. These foods can cause stomach cancer in people with low levels of stomach acid.”

Type O

In contrast, the levels of stomach acid in individuals belonging to this group are extremely high, so they easily digest meals high in fat and protein.

They can freely eat meat, but should stay away from simple carbohydrates, especially grains, since they are turned into fats and triglycerides. According to Dr. D’Adamo, people with a blood type O should avoid wheat, dairy, caffeine, and alcohol, and consume fruits, vegetables, and lean, organic meat.

Make sure you watch out the video given below in order to get additional information on this blood type diet:

Source>>http://www.healthy-food-house.com/eat-right-blood-type/

THE ORIGIN OF NIGERIAN STATE NAMES

*Abia*

Abia is an acronym derived from the name of the four main groups of the people in the state as at the time it was formed in 1991: Aba, Bende, Isuikwuato & Afikpo.

*Adamawa*
This state was named after a warrior that conquered the region in the beginning of the 19th century. His name was Modibbo Adama Bin Ardo Hassan.

*Akwa-Ibom*
Akwa Ibom is named after a river, the Qua Iboe (or Kwa Iboe) River.

*Anambra*
It was derived from the name of the Oma Mbala
(Omambala) River (in Igbo, the native name of the river is Ànyịm Ọma Mbala).

*Bauchi*
There are three versions of how Bauchi got its name. One version says ‘Bauchi’ is Hausa word meaning the southern flanks of Hausaland. Tribes living in the southern parts of the Hausaland were referred to as "kasashen bauchi" and the area they lived in later came to be known simply as Bauchi.

Bauchi. According to the second version, the state was named after Baushe, a famous hunter who settled there before the 19th century while the third states that ‘bauchi’ is Hausa word for slavery since it was a center for slave traders.

*Bayelsa*
Bayelsa was formed as a result of the clamour from the three LGAs in old Rivers (Brass LGA known as BALGA, Yenagoa LGA known as YELGA and Sagbama LGA – SALGA). The name came about from the combination of their acronymns.
BA + YEL + SA = BAYELSA

*Benue*
It is a word from the Batta language ‘Binuwe’ which means ‘Mother of Waters’.

*Borno*
The name was derived from ‘Borno’, an alternative name of the Kanuris who form the predominant ethnic group in the state.

*Cross River*
The state took its name from a River called Oyono or Cross River.

*Delta*
It was named after the delta of the River Niger formed as it enters the Atlantic Ocean.

*Ebonyi*
The state was named after the Aboine River that cuts through Abakaliki, the state capital.

*Edo*
Named after the Bini people who had always referred to themselves as Edo or Iduu.

*Ekiti*
‘Ekiti’ is a term that is said to denote a settlement of many hills.

*Enugu*
Enugu derived its name from two local words "enu" & "ugwu" which means ‘top of the hill’.

*Gombe*
Named after the dialect of Fulani language (Fulfulde) spoken in the area ‘Gombe’.

*Imo*
This state is named after the Imo River (Mmiri Imo).

*Jigawa*
The state was named after its distinctively golden-coloured soil, Jigawa.

*Kaduna*
The state after the crocodiles in Kaduna River. "Kadduna" is Hausa plural word for crocodiles.

*Kano*
The state was named after a blacksmith of the Gaya tribe who settled in the area while sourcing for ironstone. His name was Kano.

*Katsina*
Katsina was named after the wife of the local ruler known as Janzama. Her name was Katsina.

*Kebbi*
Legend has it that Kebbi was named after the Ka’abba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

*Kogi*
The name Kogi was said to have been derived from ‘kogi’, (hausa word for river). This is to represent the fact that the two biggest Rivers in Nigeria, River Niger and River Benue form a confluence in the state.

*Kwara*
This was named after the River Niger which forms the Northern border of the state. The Nupes used to call the river, Kwara.

*Lagos*
The name is a Portuguese word for lakes. The Portuguese were the first settlers from Europe to reach Lagos in 1472. The name was inspired by the lagoons and rivers in Lagos.

*Nasarawa*
It was so named by the founder of Nasarawa kingdom, Makama Dogo. Nasarawa means Victorious.

*Niger*
Niger Named after the popular River Niger.

*Ogun*
Named after the Ogun River.

*Ondo*
This was named after the settlers of the old Ondo Kingdom. Ondo is a word for settlers.

*Osun*
Like a number of other Nigerian states, it was also named after a river; River Osun.
.
*Oyo*
It was named after the Old Oyo empire.

Plateau
The state was named for the Jos Plateau.

*Rivers*
A state with many water bodies, Rivers State was named for many of the rivers present in the area.

*Sokoto*
Named after the defunct Sokoto Caliphate. Sokoto is the anglicized version of the Arabic word ‘suk’ which means ‘market’ or ‘place of commerce’.

*Taraba*
The state was named after the Taraba River.

*Yobe*
The state was named after Komadugu Yobe (Waube or Ouobe) or River Yobe (or River of Yo).

*Zamfara*
Zamfarawa is one of the subdialects of Eastern

How To Return Your Grey Hair Back To Its Natural Colour

It is quite a shock to some of us when we spot our first gray hair. How did this happen? Am I too stressed? Am I getting old?

Though gray hair is a sign of age, or wisdom depending on who you ask, most of us would like to remedy this when we can.

It’s easy to grab a box of dye at the store. However, some of us hate the thought of having to repeat the process month after month only to end up damaging your hair from the chemicals.

There are, however, natural ways to fend of gray hairs.

However, when going gray is out of your control there is a fix that uses just two natural ingredients that you probably already have in your home.

Ingredients:

• 50 ml of organic coconut oil (or enough to coat your hair)
• 3 teaspoons of freshly squeezed organic lemon juice

Directions:

Mix the ingredients together in a bowl until they are well blended. Then massage the mixture into your hair and scalp until it is completely covered. Let it sit for an hour before washing it off with a mild shampoo. You’ll want to repeat this process once or twice a week.

The coconut oil helps to improve the condition of your hair, condition your scalp, promote hair growth, strengthen your strands, treat your damaged hair, as well as reverse your grays. It also helps to fight dandruff.

The vitamin B, vitamin C, and phosphorus content in lemon juice also nourishes the hair, treats the cause of gray hair, and prevents premature graying.

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Source;http://shareably.net/lemon-coconut-oil-anti-gray-mixture/?utm_source=jdaily&utm_medium=facebook&utm_campaign=health